G²LM|LIC

Latest News

The new GLMLIC synthesis report on the demography of the labor force in Sub-Saharan Africa is now available

The world is projected to add 3.1 billion people to the total population and 1.4 billion people to the working-age population between 2020 and 2100. Almost all of the additional working-age people will be added in Sub-Saharan Africa, a dramatic change from previous decades when the growth of the working-age population was concentrated in Asia. A new GLM|LIC synthesis report analyzes the demography of the African labor force in the coming decades using the latest United Nations population projections. According to the report, by 2050 Africa will be the only region in the world with a growing working-age population, and will be the only region in which the ratio of dependents to working-age population is falling. These dramatic differences between Africa and other regions are the result of Africa’s later and slower fertility decline, with fertility still high in many countries.

Check the details and implications in the new Synthesis Report “The Demography of the Labor Force in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities” by David Lam, Murray Leibbrandt and James Allen here

A GLM|LIC project launches high-resolution dataset of India

The GLM|LIC project Urban Geography of Entrepreneurship and Growth in India led by Paul Novosad (Dartmouth College) and Sam Asher (the World Bank), has recently launched The Socioeconomic High-resolution Rural-Urban Geographic Platform for India (SHRUG), facilitating data sharing between researchers working on India. The repository includes a comprehensive set of data comprising of India’s 500,000 villages, 8000 towns, and 4000 legislative assemblies and spanning over the past 25 years. The datasets are publically available and designed for researcher’s accessibility to high-resolution socioeconomic data as well as giving space for communication, linking and sharing of data.

One interesting study out of this project investigates the impacts of a high-scale national rural road construction program in India on village labour and goods markets, see the policy brief here.

Application of the IZA/DFID Short Course on Program Evaluation is Open

The IZA/DFID Program on Gender, Growth and Labor Markets in Low-Income Countries is sponsoring a conference on “Labor Markets in South Asia” on December 5-6, 2019.This will be followed by a two-day “IZA/DFID Short Course on Program Evaluation” on December 7-8. The course is designed for postgraduate students, faculty members, and early career researchers in government and non-governmental organizations who would like to develop their skills in program evaluation using the latest econometric methods. The course will consist of four half-day sessions and will cover the following topics: Design and analysis of randomized controlled trials; propensity score matching methods; difference-in-difference estimators; regression discontinuity designs. The focus will be on application of these methods to the evaluation of labor market related programs, including skills training programs. Moreover, participants will be given the opportunity to present their own research in a poster session.

Applications should be uploaded via the online application form by September 15, 2019. The Program Committee will aim to communicate its decisions to the authors by October 15, 2019. The schedule of the program is available here.

A small selection of our Projects

Our newest publications

The Demography of the Labor Force in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities

The world is projected to add 3.1 billion people to the total population and 1.4 billion people to the working-age population between 2020 and 2100. Almost all of the additional working-age people will be added in Sub-Saharan Africa, a dramatic change from previous decades, when the growth of the working-age population was concentrated in Asia. This paper analyzes the demography of the African labor force in the coming decades using the latest United Nations population projections. We show that by 2050 Africa will be the only region in the world with a growing working-age population, and will be the only region in which the ratio of dependents to working-age population is falling. These dramatic differences between Africa and other regions are the result of Africa’s later and slower fertility decline, with fertility still high in many countries. The continued growth of Africa’ working-age population creates both opportunities and challenges. On the one hand, being the only region with a growing working-age population may create opportunities for investment and economic growth. On the other hand, Africa will need to produce 2 million jobs per month by 2040 to keep up with the growth of the working-age population. This will be one of the biggest challenges facing the continent in the coming decades.

Gender, Jobs and Poverty

Women are overrepresented among the world’s poorest and underrepresented in well-paid jobs. The new G²LM|LIC program aims to investigate the causes of gender disparities in labor markets, assess their implications for equity and efficiency, and guide policy design. The program, a joint venture between the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and the IZA Institute of Labor Economics, launched with an inaugural workshop on June 19, 2019. This report provides a summary of the discussions held on the state of existing evidence and questions for future research.

Child Labor Measurement in Agricultural Households: Seasonality, Proxy Respondent and Gender Information Gaps in Ethiopia

Child labor continues to be an economic necessity for millions of children in the developing world with the agricultural sector accounting for by far the largest share of child labor. Despite the increasing availability of sources of information on child labor, and a large body of research on its main determinants, there is not much evidence on the validity of data collection methods for child labor. Unlike adult work, child labor statistics are mainly generated by proxy reporting, which could lead to measurement bias due to social values, asymmetries of information due to the gendered segmentation of labor markets, or the seasonality of the agricultural production. This study examines the extent to which seasonality and reliance on proxy respondents affects child labor statistics in Ethiopia. Specifically, our survey design intervention consists of the random manipulation of the survey respondent in the application of the same survey instrument to 1200 Fairtrade coffee households in three different seasons, which enables us to capture variation in the demand for child labor.

He Said, She Said: Child Labor Measurement in Ethiopia

This study reports the findings of three randomized survey design experiments implemented in different seasons of the agricultural calendar among Fairtrade coffee households in rural Ethiopia. The design focuses on the random allocation of the same survey instrument across child and proxy respondents for the measurement of child labor statistics. Our findings show the work of girls in agricultural settings is systematically underreported by the head of household relative to the child’s reports. Underreporting is explained by the child/proxy gender mismatch as differences in child labor reports ranges from 7 to 10 percentage points for girls when the proxy respondent is male. On the contrary, no reporting differences are found for boys across all seasons when the head of household is male. The magnitude of the child labor underreporting is larger among households with mixed child gender composition relative to households with homogeneous child gender composition. Underreporting by the proxy respondent, relative to the child’s own report, is not observed across other related outcomes such as schooling and household chores. Knowledge of Fairtrade standards and the degree and scope of effective commercial links between farmers and Fairtrade cooperatives do not have a systematic differential effect on the proxy reporting of child labor.

Child Labor Measurement in Agricultural Households: Seasonality, Proxy Respondent and Gender Information Gaps in Ethiopia

Measurement of child labor is critical for our understanding of its determinants and conditions, and for the design of social protection programs and policy. In this study, we report the findings of three survey design experiments implemented across Fairtrade coffee households in rural Ethiopia in three different agricultural seasons. Substantial variation in child labor participation ranging from 45 to 76 percent emerges depending on the timing of the survey. Random allocation of the survey to either the child or a head of household proxy respondent shows the work of girls in agricultural settings is systematically underreported by proxy respondents relative to the child’s reports. Underreporting is explained by the child/proxy gender mismatch as differences in child labor reports ranges from 5 to 10 percentage points for girls when the proxy respondent is male. No reporting differences are found for boys across all seasons when the proxy respondent is male. Underreporting by the proxy respondent, relative to the child’s own report, is not observed in households with homogenous child gender distribution. On the other hand, knowledge of Fairtrade standards and the degree and scope of effective commercial links between farmers and Fairtrade cooperatives do not have a systematic differential effect on the proxy reporting of child labor.

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