G²LM|LIC

In Nigeria, informality has been on a persistent rise with an increasing number of people engaging in informal employment. Similarly, the rate of poverty and extreme poverty in the country has also been on the rise, an occurrence more evident among the working poor. However, not much is known empirically about the dynamics of both informality and poverty within the Nigerian context. Using panel data from the four waves of the Nigeria General Household Survey (GHS), this study employs the random effects panel regression model to assess the poverty implications of mobility across informal employment types, while also exploring the dynamics of informality and poverty, respectively. The results of our analysis indicate that although work is important, the quality of the work is much more crucial for the welfare of those engaged. Specifically, we find that whereas, transition between all forms of employment is negatively associated with poverty, household heads who transition from formal to informal employment are 0.8 times less likely to move above the poverty line than those who remain in formal employment. Our findings also show that persistence in informality in the country is more evident among own-account workers.

The role of trade unions in the Cameroonian labour market is still a little discussed topic, despite the end of trade union monolithism in 1995 and the emergence of collective agreements that have been genuinely negotiated between the social partners since 2000. Using only the second Survey on Employment and the Informal Sector (EESI) − due to the unavailability to the public of data from the third wave of this survey at the time of writing − conducted by the National Institute of Statistics in 2010, this paper assesses the influence of union presence and union membership on the monthly earnings of formal and informal sector employees, highlighting the specificities of the Cameroonian industrial relations system. The empirical results – which are mainly based on the Poisson pseudo- maximum likelihood estimator – show that the presence of a trade union and/or a staff representative in a workplace has a positive and significant influence on income, except in the public sector. When the analysis is restricted to workplaces where there is at least one union, the results reveal that union membership is not an explanatory factor for the average earnings gap between union and non-union employees in the informal and public sectors. In the formal private sector, however, union members are paid less than their non-union counterparts.

Antenatal care (ANC) and skilled birth attendants (SBAs) play a crucial role in reducing maternal mortality. This study aimed to identify the barriers to the utilization of essential healthcare services like antenatal care and skilled birth attendants to rural women of reproductive age in District Khanewal, Pakistan. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews with Lady Health Workers, rural women of reproductive age, and household members. The participants were purposively selected. A total of 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted, with five interviews each for rural women of reproductive age, household members, and Lady Health Workers. The thematic analysis is conducted to identify the barriers. Rural women’s barriers to not using ANC and SBA services and preference for traditional birth attendants stem from their trust in them, adherence to traditional practices, lack of ANC knowledge, decision-making capacity, and distance to health facilities, all identified as the barriers to the utilization. It is necessary to implement community-based interventions in rural areas to enhance knowledge and awareness of ANC services. Targeted interventions should be made in rural areas to improve the coverage and accessibility of primary healthcare services. Rather than discouraging the primary health-seeking behavior of rural women, the study suggests engaging traditional birth attendants, providing them with training, and expanding ANC coverage for the time being by utilizing local traditional attendants.

Based on data on the transition of young people to the labor markets of French-speaking Sub-Saharan Africa, carried out by the Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche en Economie et Gestion with the financial and technical support of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in 2021 on 4710 young people, this paper analyzes the reservation wage inequality between girls and boys still in the education system in Cameroon and Chad. The methods used are Ordinary Least Squares on the whole population and on girls and boys separately, the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique and conditional and unconditional quantile decompositions. The estimates show that gender is significantly correlated with reservation wages for girls and boys. The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition shows that around 30% of these differences are attributable to explained characteristics, against 70% attributable to unexplained characteristics. The decomposition by conditional and unconditional quantiles without taking covariates into account shows that this gap is variable at each considered decile and quartile of the reservation wages distribution. Furthermore, conditional decompositions with covariates taken into account show that gender differences in field of study and level of education are important in explaining the gender gap in young people’s wage claims.

As of 2022, Sudan was home to 1.1 million refugees and 3.7 million internally displaced persons (IDPs), along with a substantial population that had previously experienced displacement. The Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey (SLMPS) 2022 over-sampled locations hosting the displaced in order to facilitate research on refugees and IDPs. This paper investigates the geographic distribution of the displaced, their demographics, their labor market and socioeconomic status and outcomes, and their education, health, food security outcomes. It also reviews their experiences of shocks, their coping strategies, and the types of social assistance they receive. Important distinctions are made between current and returned IDPs and refugees and their outcomes are compared to those of Sudanese who were never displaced. Analyses also explore differences by location of residence (in host communities and camps), by sex, and across different age groups.